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发表于 2008-3-5 18:06:50| 字数 9,513| - 中国–上海–上海–徐汇区 电信
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船嘛，随便弄艘自由轮好了
pakq——丑陋的鸭子”—美国自由轮 "ugly ducklings"—Liberty ship ZT今天发个资料贴 权当上科普课了 资料是整理翻译的 关于自由轮还是不懂的可以BAIDU下
“丑陋的海上小鸭子”—自由轮
"ugly ducklings"—Liberty ship
资料来源：
http://www.usmm.org/libertyships.html
http://www.liberty-ship.com/
http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/liberty.html
http://organizations.ju.edu/fch/1994pelt.htm
Liberty Ships built by the United States Maritime Commission in World War II
自由轮是由美国海事委员会在二战期间负责建造的
Liberty ship was the name given to the EC2 type ship designed for "Emergency" construction by the United States Maritime Commission in World War II. Liberty ships, nicknamed "ugly ducklings" by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt
美国海事委员会把在二战期间，以EC2船型为基础，专为紧急建造而设计的船只称呼为自由轮。而弗兰克林·D·罗斯福总统为自由轮起的绰号是“丑陋的小鸭子”。
The first of the 2,751 Liberty ships was the SS Patrick Henry, launched on Sept. 27, 1941, and built to a standardized, mass produced design. The 250,000 parts were pre-fabricated throughout the country in 2,500ton sections and welded together in about 70 days. One Liberty ship, the SS Robert E. Peary was built in four and a half days. A Liberty cost under $2,000,000.
组装自由轮的预制构件
2751艘自由轮的首船SS Patrick Henry“帕特里克·嗬?焙旁?941年9月27日开始按照大规模生产的标准规格建造。总重超过2500吨的250，000个预制构件在大约70天内从遍布全国的各个生产厂被运送到船厂中焊接起来。“罗伯特·皮尔里”号自由轮甚至在4天半内建造完成。1艘自由轮的造价在200万美圆以下。（此处的2751艘和该文后面给出的数据：开工2711艘，完成2710艘不符，原因不明；每艘自由轮的平均造价是180万美圆，后文有提及）
Liberty ships were named after prominent (deceased) Americans, starting with Patrick Henry and the signers of the Declaration of Independence. 18 that were named for outstanding African-Americans. Any group which raised $2 million dollars in War Bonds could suggest a name for a Liberty ship.
自由轮一般是用以故的美国名人名字命名，由帕特里克·亨利这个美国独 立宣言署名人作为首舰命名。其中18艘自由轮是以著名的非洲裔美国人的名字命名的。而任何团体只要认购200万美圆的战争债券就可以为1艘自由轮提名。
Fully assembled, the engine weighs 270,000 pounds. It stands 19 feet tall and is 21 feet long. The ship's four-bladed propeller, 18 feet in diameter, is directly coupled to the engine, which is designed to turn at a maximum of 76 rpm. This gave Liberty ships a top speed of about 11 knots. Aboard the BROWN the engine is normally run at 65 rpm, which saves fuel and is easier on the engine. This gives an average speed of around 10 knots. Power output from the engine is 2,500 horsepower. Fuel consumption is about 170 barrels (30 tons) of oil per day at 11 knots, giving a range of 19,000 nautical miles.
完全装配后自由轮引擎，高19英尺，长21英尺，重达27万磅。自由轮的4叶螺旋桨直径为18英尺，直接连接到引擎，其设计转数为76转/分，这个螺旋桨转速使自由轮可以达到最高11节的航速。在正常情况下，自由轮的引擎转速为65转/分，在此转速下船速为10节，并且可以节省燃料和延长引擎使用时间。引擎的输出功率为2500马力，在使用11节航速航行时，每日燃料消耗为170桶（30吨），续航力为19000海里。
自由轮使用的三缸往复蒸汽机1
自由轮使用的三缸往复蒸汽机2
[img]http://www.mynit.net/%20 [/img]
三缸往复蒸汽机结构图
三缸往复蒸汽机工作原理
The Liberty was 441 feet long and 56 feet wide. Her three-cylinder, reciprocating steam engine, fed by two oil-burning boilers produced 2,500 hp and a speed of 11 knots. Her 5 holds could carry over 9,000 tons of cargo, plus airplanes, tanks, and locomotives lashed to its deck. A Liberty could carry 2,840 jeeps, 440 tanks, or 230 million rounds of rifle ammunition.
Class: EC2-S-C1 Type Liberty Ship
Launched: September 27, 1942
At: Bethlehem-Fairfield Shipyard, Baltimore, Maryland
Length: 441 feet, 6 inches
Beam:57 feet
Draft: 27 feet, 9 inches
Displacement: 14,245 tons
Gross: 7,176 tons
Capacity: 8,500 long tons
Armament: Three 3-inch/50 caliber guns; one 5-inch/50 caliber gun; eight 20mm guns.
Libertys carried a crew of about 44 and 12 to 25 Naval Armed Guard. Some were armed with:
One 3-inch/50 caliber bow gun
One 4or 5-inch/50 caliber stern gun
Two 37 mm bow guns
Six 20 mm machine guns
or eight 20mm guns
自由轮的20毫米高射炮炮位
3英寸50倍径前主炮及船首炮组人员
自由轮技术数据：
级别：EC2-S-C1型自由轮
船只毛重： 7,167吨
标准排水量：10,149吨
满载排水量：14,245吨
The Liberty was 441 feet long and 56 feet wide.
长度：441英尺6英寸（134.5米）
船宽：56英尺10.75英寸（17.1米）
吃水：27英尺9.25英寸（8.2米）
Her three-cylinder, reciprocating steam engine, fed by two oil-burning boilers produced 2,500 hp and a speed of 11 knots.
推进系统：由两具Babcock & Wilcox锅炉为三缸往复蒸汽机提供蒸汽，使用重油为燃料，单螺旋桨，2500马力
速度：11 节
续航力：19000海里
定员： 44（战时会额外增加12-25名海军武装人员）
设计载量：8500吨（实际9000吨）
武器：:
· One 3 inch bow gun 1门3英寸50倍径前主炮
· One 4or 5 inch stern gun 1门4或5英寸50倍径后主炮
· Two 37 mm bow guns 2门37毫米船头高射炮
· Six 20 mm machine guns 6门20毫米机关炮
· or eight 20 mm machine guns 或者8门20毫米机关炮
Her 5 holds could carry over 9,000 tons of cargo, plus airplanes, tanks, and locomotives lashed to its deck.
载荷：5个货舱（4大1小）可以运载超过9000吨货物（除9000吨舱载货物以外，甲板还可以另外捆绑装载飞机、坦克、火车头等装备）
A Liberty could carry 2,840 jeeps, 440 tanks, or 230 million rounds of rifle ammunition.
每艘自由轮可以运载2840辆吉普车、440辆坦克、2.3亿发步枪子弹
自由轮的尾部细节，留意其舰尾自卫火力的布置
自由轮的中部细节，大家注意舰桥前面的那一个较小的货舱
自由轮中部的后视图，可以看到其水面建筑的布置
自由轮正面侧视图，可以清楚地看到甲板的所有布置
自由轮背面侧视图，与正面测视图比较一下，可以更清楚了解其细节
自由轮水平侧视图
Liberty Ship Crew自由轮人员配置:
Captain (Master)船长
Deck department 甲板部门:
Chief Mate (Mate)大副
Second Mate二副
Third Mate三副
Deck maintenance man甲板维护员
Boatswain (Bos'n)水手长
Carpenter (Chips)木匠
Able seaman (6)老海员6人
Ordinary seaman (3)见习海员3人
Engine department引擎部门:
Chief Engineer (Chief) 轮机长
First Assistant Engineer (First)第一副轮机长
Second Assistant Engineer (Second) 第二副轮机长
Third Assistant Engineer第三副轮机长
Deck Engineer舱面轮机员
Oiler (3) 油工3人
Fireman/watertender (3) 司炉工3人
Wiper (2) 擦拭工2人
Steward's department乘务部门:
Chief Steward主乘务员
Chief Cook主厨师
Second Cook副厨师
Baker面包师
Messman (6) 食堂值勤兵（负责洗碗和当侍应生）
Galleyman服务生
Naval Armed Guard海军武装护卫人员：
Lieutenant, JG or Ensign 上尉
Gunners, radio operators, and signalman (12 to 27)
炮手、报务员、通信兵，共12-27名
油工
司炉工
自由轮的储藏室
About 200 Libertys were lost to torpedoes, mines, explosions, kamikazes, etc. during WWII. Two Liberty ships, the SS Jeremiah O'Brien in San Francisco and the SS John W. Brown in Baltimore, survive as "museum ships" open to the public for tours and occasional cruises.
在二战中，大约200艘自由轮在潜艇、水雷、空袭和神风攻击中沉没。战后只有2艘自由轮被改装博物馆对公众开放，它们是在旧金山的“欧布兰”（一译奥布赖恩）号和在巴尔的摩的“约翰-布朗”号。
1980年的欧布兰号
1994年的欧布兰号
“罗伯特·皮尔里”号的故事
Liberty Ship SS Robert E. Peary built in 4 days, 15 hours, 29 minutes
“罗伯特·皮尔里”号自由轮4天15小时零29分钟内被组装完毕
“罗伯特·皮尔里”号下水
Liberty Ships, the "Ugly Duckling" workhorses of World War II, were built in 13 states by 15 companies in 18 shipyards. The first of 2,710 Liberty ships, the SS Patrick Henry, was launched in September 1941, after 150 days of construction. (The shipyard was built at the same time as the ship.)
In 1941 and 1942 German U-Boats and surface raiders sank 2,963 Allied ships, while the U.S. built 863 to replace them (not many freighters were built elsewhere). As workers gained experience, the shipyards speeded up production of these "expendable" ships. At an average cost of $1.8 million, a Liberty had to make just one trip to be considered successful.
自由轮这种二战中有名的海上“丑小鸭”苦力，由13个州、15家公司的18座造船厂承造。2710艘自由轮的首船SS Patrick Henry“帕特里克·亨利”号开工150天之后，于1941年9月下水（建造它的船厂也在施工过程中）。
在1941－1942年德国的U艇和水面袭击舰一共击沉盟国2963艘各类船只，而同期美国只完成了863艘船来弥补这一巨大的损失，并且在建的货船数量也不够多。在造船工人获得熟练的建造经验之后，美国的船厂开始开足马力生产这些所谓的“可消耗”船只。由于德国潜艇的威胁，180万美元的自由轮只要能成功地完成一次越洋航行就被认为是成功地完成了其建造使命。
Prefabricated sections traveled on railroad flatcars from throughout the United States to be put together the same way Henry Ford assembled cars before the war. Eventually, the shipyards created a competition amongst themselves for speed in building a Liberty Ship.
像战前亨利·福特组装汽车一样，大量自由轮的预制构件通过铁路平板车自全美各地的工厂运到组装她的船台。于是各个船厂拼命提高自由轮产量的竞赛开始了。
Permanente Metals Corporation (Kaiser) No.2 Yard in Richmond, California won the competition. The keel for the SS Robert E. Peary was laid at 12:01 AM on November 8, 1942 and 250,000 parts weighing about 14,000,000 pounds were assembled in 4 days, 15 hours and 29 minutes. On November 12, 1942, she was launched.
Permanente金属公司（Permanente Metals Corporation现在成了一间医疗器械生产厂）位于加利福尼亚的kaiser皇帝船厂的2号船台是这场激烈竞赛的胜出者，SS Robert E. Peary“罗伯特·皮尔里”号自由轮的龙骨于1942年11月8上午12点01分开始铺放在船台上，总重超过1400万磅的25万个部件在4天15小时零29分钟内被组装完毕，1942年11月12日，它下水了。
After the final fitting out, the SS Robert E. Peary went to war on November 22, 1942 carrying 17 U.S. Naval Armed Guard and 43 Merchant Mariners. Her voyages included:
在完成最后装配之后，“罗伯特·皮尔里”号自由轮与1942年11月22日参战，船上的成员有17个海军护卫和43个商船水手，它的航行包括了：
Food and war supplies from San Francisco to Noumea, New Caledonia; nitrate from Espiritu Santo, Guadalcanal, Suva, Antofagasto (Chile), Canal Zone, Guantanamo Bay (Cuba), arriving Savannah on April 3, 1943.
从旧金山运输食品和补给品到努美阿(新喀里多尼亚岛首都)；在1942年4月3日从圣埃斯皮里图岛、瓜岛、苏瓦岛、智利、运河区、古巴运送硝酸钾到萨凡纳。
Illustration from Mast Magazine, Oct. 1944
插图来源于《桅杆》杂志 1944年10月
During this voyage the SS Robert E. Peary saved American soldiers trapped near the beach of a Pacific island held by the Japanese. While under enemy fire, the Peary maneuvered close to shore and shot a line ashore from her Lykes gun, over which she supplied the troops with ammunition and food until they defeated the attack. (Illustration from Mast Magazine, Oct. 1944)
在“罗伯特·皮尔里”号航程中，它在炮火下解救了被困在日本人控制的一个太平洋小岛海滩上的美国士兵。“罗伯特·皮尔里”号在自己的船载火力掩护下，向海滩机动，并卸下了小岛美军急需的弹药和补给品。
下面就是自由轮平面图的翻译[mood11]：
自由轮甲板平面图
1- Wheelhouse舵手室
2- Chartroom海图室
3- Radio Room无线电室
4- Captain船长
5- Battery Room电池室
6- Toilet厕所
7- Captains Office船长办公室
8- Cadets - Deck Dept甲板部
9- Radio Operators报务员
10- Spare空位
11- Boiler Casing锅炉罩
12- Unknown不知
13- Store Room储藏室
14- Chief Engineers Office 轮机长办公室
15- Chief Engineer轮机长
16- 1st Assistant Engineer第一副轮机长
17- Chief Mate大副
18- 2nd Assistant Engineer第二副轮机长
19- 3rd Assistant Engineer第三副轮机长
20- 2nd Mate二副
21- 3rd Mate三副
22- Chief Steward主乘务员
23- Cadets Engineering Dept.引擎部
24- Showers & Toilets沐浴/洗手间
25- Gunnery Officer炮术长
26- Locker冷藏间
27- Engine Room Skylights引擎室天窗
28- Ventilators 空调机
29- Lamp Rm & Deck Lockers照明室和甲板柜
30- Officers Mess军官食堂
31- Six Gunners六个炮手
32- Cooks & Messman厨师和食堂值勤兵
33- Showers & Toilets沐浴/洗手间
34- Oilers油工
35- Seamen海员
36- Bos'n & Clerk Typist甲板主管
37- Messmen海员
38- Ships Office船办公室
39- Engine Casing引擎罩
40- Galley厨房
41- PO'sShowers & Toilets海军军士沐浴/洗手间
42- six gunners 六个炮手
43- Steward乘务员
44- PO's Mess海军军士食堂
45- Scullery碗碟储藏室
46- Crews Mess水手食堂
47- Deck Engineer & Oilers甲板轮机长和油工
48- Firemen司炉工
49- Paint Rm & Deck Lockers油漆室和甲板柜
50- Two Gunners两个炮手
51- Showers & Toilets沐浴/洗手间
52- Hospital医疗室
53- Medical Stores药店
W = Windlass绞盘机
CW = Cargo Winch货物绞盘
WW = Warping Winch 绞缆机
自由轮货舱平面图
1- Stores贮藏室
2- Fore Peak艏尖舱
3- Deep Tank #1 (P & S) 1号船底水柜（左右舷各一）
4- Deep Tank #2 (P & S) 2号船底水柜（左右舷各一）
5- Fuel Oil Settling Tank (P & S) 燃料沉淀槽（左右舷各一）
6- Machinery Space机舱
7- Refrig. & Storerooms (P & S) 冷藏室（左右舷各一）
8- Fresh Water Tanks(P & S)淡水柜（左右舷各一）
9- Deep Tank (P & S)船底水柜（左右舷各一）
10- Thrust Recess侧压壁凹
11- Shaft Tunnel机械轴管道
12- Tunnel Recess壁凹管道
13- Tunnel Escape Trunk应急出口
14- After Peak艉尖舱
15- Steering Gear舵机
16- Void Space空隙空间
17- 5 Ton Boom (P & S) 5吨起重吊杆
18- 50 or 30 Ton Boom 50或30吨起重吊杆
19- 30 or 15 Ton Boom 30或15吨起重吊杆
20- Fuel Oil or ballast tank #1 1号燃料或压载柜
21- Fuel Oil or ballast tank #2 2号燃料或压载柜
22- Fuel Oil or ballast tank #3 3号燃料或压载柜
23- Void space空隙空间
24- Reserve feed water tank #4锅炉用水柜
25- Fuel Oil or ballast tank #5燃料或压载柜
26- Fuel Oil or ballast tank #6燃料或压载柜
P & S = Port左舷 & Starboard右舷 |
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